Variants of IgG Fc with limited amine groups

ABSTRACT

Lysine-depleted variants of fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of immunoglobulins are disclosed. Also disclosed are fusion proteins comprised of N-terminal targeting or active peptide domains fused with such lysine-depleted variant IgG-Fc domains. Polynucleotides encoding such proteins, compositions and kits containing such proteins, and methods of using such proteins are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present invention is a non-provisional filing claiming priority from U.S. 61/929,911, filed on Jan. 21, 2014.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the immunoglobulin G fragment crystallizable regions (IgG Fc) regions such that homogeneous, site-specific amine conjugations can be achieved. Also provided are design and production of such engineered Fc regions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The immunoglobulin G fragment crystallizable region (IgG-Fc) can be used as a scaffold to attach drugs and polymers. However, when chemical attachment to their amine groups is attempted, a heterogeneous mixture of attachments results, which is undesirable for therapeutic or diagnostic use. (Panowski et al., mAbs, 6:34-45 (2014).

IgG-Fc domains are commonly used in the art to create IgG-Fc fusions with a variety of polypeptides (Czajkowsky et al., EMBO Mol Med, 4:1015-1028 (2012)). In some cases, the polypeptide to be fused may be devoid of lysine residues. In such cases, only the primary amine group of the polypeptide at the N-terminus of the fusion polypeptide represents a unique attachment site. Alternatively, the primary amine group at the N-terminus may be eliminated if the N-terminal amino acid is glutamine or glutamate and is subsequently converted to pyroglutamate. (Lui et al., J. Biol. Chem, 286:11211-11217 (2011)). As early as 2007, over two dozen monoclonal antibodies and Fc fusion proteins had been approved as therapeutic products, including blockbuster products such as Rituxan® (Genentech; Biogen-Idec), Remicade® (Centocor), Herceptin® (Genentech), Avastin® (Genentech), Bexxar® (Glaxo SmithKline), Tysabri® (Biogen-Idec), Humira® (Abbott), Enbrel® (Amgen); and Campath® (Takeda-Millennium).

The Fc portion of human IgG1 contains 20 native lysine residues, resulting in a total of 40 lysines present in the functional dimeric Fc. Chemical conjugation, using amine reactive chemistries results in heterogenous attachments at these naturally occurring lysines. Moreover, several of the native lysines near and within the CH2-CH3 interface may contribute to the binding interaction with protein A. For example, lysine 338 (by Kabat EU numbering) that is conserved in several species of IgG has been identified as a critical residue for the binding of IgG to Staphylococcal protein A (hereafter referred to as “protein A”) (Deisenhofer (1981) Biochemistry, 20:2361-2370; Nagaoka and Akaike (2003), Protein Engineering (2003) 16:243-5). The disclosure of the above documents are hereby incorporated by reference.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves extensive engineering the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (IgG Fc) to remove most or all of the amine groups such that the number and position of remaining amine reactive groups is limited to enable site-specific chemical conjugations. These lysine-depleted variants (LDV) of IgG Fc molecules still retain certain characteristic IgG Fc functions.

The Fc portion of human IgG1 contains 20 native lysine residues. These lysine residues are located at positions 222, 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 338, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 and 447 according to the Kabat EU numbering system (see FIG. 3). Chemical conjugation, using amine reactive chemistries results in heterogenous attachments at these naturally occurring lysines. Moreover, several of the native lysines near and within the CH2-CH3 interface have been reported to contribute to the binding interaction with protein A. For example, lysine 338 (by Kabat EU numbering) that is conserved in several species of IgG has been identified as a critical residue for the binding of IgG to Staphylococcal protein A (hereafter referred to as “protein A”) (Deisenhofer, J., Biochemistry (1981); Nagaoka and Akaike (2003), Protein Engineering 16:243-245). Lysine 246 has also been reported to be a proximal residue to protein A, and therefore, an important potential contributor for protein A binding. Additionally, the lysine 248 residue has been reported to be involved in Fc interfacing with protein G, another protein that is useful for purification of human IgG Fc domain (Sauer-Eriksson et al. (1995) Structure 3:265-278). The disclosure of the above documents are hereby incorporated by reference.

The binding of the lysine 338 residue of IgG-Fc has been particularly useful for scale-up of commercial production of IgG-Fc containing peptides using protein A chromatography for purification. Based upon the ability of protein A to selectively bind to the IgG-Fc domain, protein A chromatography is widely used in laboratories and industry to purify a desired IgG-Fc containing peptide. For example, a desired IgG-Fc containing peptide can be purified from a composition, i.e., separated from undesired materials, including other peptides, such as host cell proteins, that may be present in a composition produced from recombinant host cells engineered to produce such desired IgG-Fc containing peptide, utilizing the ability of protein A to bind to IgG-Fc.

The present invention comprises IgG-Fc variant molecules in which the lysine 338 residue that was previously believed critical to the ability of IgG to bind protein A has been replaced with another amino acid residue. The present invention further comprises IgG-Fc variant molecules in which one or more additional lysine (K) residues have been replaced by a different amino acid residue, such as alanine (A), arginine (R) or glutamine (Q). In a particular aspect, the present invention comprises IgG Fc variant molecules in which alternative amino acids are substituted for each of the 19 native lysine residues. Surprisingly, despite these many substitutions, lysine depleted IgG Fc variant molecules are secreted from mammalian cells at levels comparable to that of normal IgG Fc. Moreover, as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis in FIG. 4, the secreted recombinant lysine-depleted IgG Fc molecule (hereafter termed “LDV Fe”) retains the capacity to form dimers. Remarkably, as shown in FIG. 4, LDV Fc retains the ability to bind to protein A with high affinity. These results indicate that LDV Fc molecules, with the replacement of all 19 native lysine residues, can retain a similar structural integrity as compared with the normal native Fc molecule. This was an unexpected finding in light of the previously held belief that certain of the lysine residues, in particular lysine residue 338, was critical to protein A binding.

In certain embodiments, the present invention comprises an LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein all lysine residues within the Fc domain have been replaced by other amino acids, for example, alanine, arginine or glutamine, and which has a unique reactive amine group at its N-terminus. In these embodiments, the LDV Fc molecule comprises only a single amine, at the N-terminus. In other embodiments, the present invention comprises an LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein all lysine residues within the Fc domain have been replaced by other amino acids and has a pyroglutamate residue at its N-terminus. In these embodiments, the LDV Fc molecule is devoid of all amine groups.

In other embodiments, the present invention comprises an LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein said LDV Fc molecule comprises a single lysine residue within the Fc domain and has a pyroglutamate residue at its N-terminus. In particular examples of this embodiment, the single lysine residue is retained at position 392 or 414 within the Fc domain. Alternatively, the lysine residue may be retained at a position selected from: 222, 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 or 447. The single lysine residue may also be located at a non-native position, such as residues: 358, 362, 364, 398, 416, 422 or 446. In other embodiments, the present invention comprises an LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein said LDV Fc molecule comprises two lysine residues within the Fc domain and has a pyroglutamate residue at its N-terminus. In a particular example of this embodiment, the lysine residues are retained at positions 392 and 414 within the Fc domain. Alternatively, the lysine residues may be retained at two positions selected from: 222, 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 or 447. One or both of the lysine residues may also be located at a non-native position, such as residues: 358, 362, 364, 398, 416, 422 or 446.

In another aspect of the present invention, the LDV Fc domain is fused to an amino acid sequence encoding a targeting or active peptide. The targeting or active peptide may comprise any functional peptide, or fragment of the peptide that retains function, including, but not limited to, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1). In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence encoding the targeting or active peptide or peptide fragment does not contain any lysine residues. In other embodiments, the amino acid sequence encoding the targeting or active peptide or peptide fragment may have a single lysine residue. In such cases, the N-terminal amino acid of the targeting or active peptide may be replaced by glutamine (Q) or glutamic acid (E), and may be converted to pyroglutamate in order to eliminate the active amine. In particular embodiments of the invention, the targeting or active peptide comprises amino acids 1 through 47 of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1). In other embodiments of the invention, the targeting or active peptide is selected from the group comprising erythropoietin an interleukin-3.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the present invention comprises fusion proteins comprising a targeting or active peptide that is fused or linked to an LDV Fc peptide. (Hereafter termed (Fusion-LDV Fc molecule”). The LDV Fc peptide of the Fusion-LDV Fc molecule may comprise an Fc domain wherein all lysine residues have been deleted by substitution with another amino acid residue. In such cases, the Fusion-LDV Fc molecule may have a unique reactive amine group at the N-terminus of the targeting or active peptide. In other embodiments, the Fusion-LDV Fc molecule is one that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein all lysine residues within the LDV Fc peptide have been replaced by other amino acids and wherein the targeting or active peptide comprises a pyroglutamate residue at its N-terminus. In these embodiments, the Fusion-LDV Fc molecule is devoid of all reactive amine groups.

In other embodiments, the present invention comprises a Fusion-LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein said Fusion LDV Fc molecule comprises a single lysine residue retained within the Fc domain. The targeting or active peptide domain may have a reactive amine group, providing two potential reactive amine sites, or it may have a pyroglutamate residue at the N-terminus of the targeting or active peptide domain, in which case the retained lysine residue within the Fc domain provides the only reactive amine group in each chain. In particular examples of this embodiment, the single lysine residue is retained at position 392 or 414 within the Fc domain. Alternatively, the lysine residue may be retained at a position selected from: 222, 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 or 447. The single lysine residue may also be located at a non-native position, such as residues: 358, 362, 364, 398, 416, 422 or 446.

In other embodiments, the present invention comprises a Fusion-LDV Fc molecule that is capable of binding to protein A, wherein said Fusion-LDV Fc molecule comprises two lysine residues within the Fc domain. The targeting or active peptide domain may have a reactive amine group, providing a third potential reactive amine site in each chain, or may have a pyroglutamate residue at the N-terminus, in which case the retained lysine residue within the Fc domain provides the only reactive amine groups in each chain. In a particular example of this embodiment, the lysine residues are retained at positions 392 and 414 within the Fc domain. Alternatively, the lysine residues may be retained at two positions selected from: 222, 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 or 447. One or both of the lysine residues may also be located at a non-native position, such as residues: 358, 362, 364, 398, 416, 422 or 446.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Schematic depiction of LDV-Fc molecules. (A) Each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc has all lysine residues replaced. The only reactive amine group is at the N-Terminus depicted by a star. (B) The N-Terminus of each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc has a pyroglutamate residue to remove the reactive amine. Each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc contains only a single lysine residue with its reactive amine group depicted with a star.

FIG. 2. Schematic depiction of LDV-Fc Fusion molecules. (A) Each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc Fusion has all lysine residues replaced. The only reactive amine group is at the N-Terminus depicted by a star and fusion protein or peptide is at C-terminus of Fc via optional linker sequence. (B) The N-Terminus of each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc Fusion protein or peptide has a pyroglutamate residue to remove the reactive amine. Each polypeptide chain of the LDV-Fc Fusion contains only a single lysine residue with its reactive amine group depicted with a star and fusion is at N-terminus of Fc via optional linker sequence.

FIG. 3. An IgG Fc region amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) with Kabat numbering. Sequence is from human IgG1 Fc region. Lysine 248, reported to participate in protein G binding is in open circle. Lysine 338, reported to participate in protein A binding, is in open rectangle.

FIG. 4. SDS-PAGE gel under reducing conditions and stained with Coomasie blue of a recombinant LDV-Fc molecule. The LDV-Fc was expressed and secreted from HEK293 cells. Conditioned medium was then subjected to protein A column purification.

FIG. 5. Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles, over a 96 hours period, of a human IgG Fc devoid of lysine residues to a wild type human IgG Fc. Mice were injected intravenously in tail vein with either 5 mg/kg recombinant humanLDV-zeroK-IgG1 Fc (Group 1) or recombinant wild type human IgG1 Fc (Group 2). The X axis is time in hours. The Y axis values were determined by a serum ELISA assay.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

Sequence ID No: 1 is the 227 amino acid sequence of the human immunoglobulin G1 Fc domain (IgG Fc), with 20 lysine residues.

Sequence ID No: 2 is the amino acid sequence of human PSGL-1.

Sequence ID No: 3 is the amino acid sequence of the principal binding site for P and L-selectin found within human PSGL-1.

Sequence ID No: 4 is a 47 amino acid sequence of PSGL-1 that includes the principal binding site and can be used to prepare soluble forms of PSGL-1 for use in preparing LDV-Fc fusion molecules of the present invention.

Sequence ID No: 5 is an amino acid sequence encoding a tandem soluble glycoprotein ligand (TSGL) comprising a 19 amino acid PSGL binding domain fused to an 11 amino acid PSGL (amino acids 9-19 of Sequence ID No: 3) binding domain, useful for preparing fusion molecules of the present invention.

Sequence ID No: 6: is the amino acid sequence of the cyclic peptide OS-1 useful for preparing fusion molecules of the present invention.

Sequence ID No: 7: is an amino acid sequence of a cyclic peptide useful for preparing fusion molecules of the present invention.

Sequence ID No: 8 is an amino acid sequence encoding LDV-Fc-0 fusion molecule of the present invention. The sequence comprises a signal peptide, followed by sequences encoding an N-terminal threonine Thr223 residue (Kabat) and an LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 devoid of all lysine residues.

Sequence ID No: 9 is an amino acid sequence encoding a TSGL-LDV-Fc fusion molecule of the present invention. The sequence comprises a signal peptide, tandem soluble PSGL-1 binding domains and an LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 at His224 (Kabat).

Sequence ID No: 10 is an amino acid sequence encoding an OS1-LDV-Fc fusion molecule of the present invention.

Sequence ID No: 11 is an amino acid sequence encoding a CCP-[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc fusion molecule of the present invention. The mature amino acid sequence of the encoded fusion protein begins with a glutamine (Q) which can be converted into an N-terminal pyroglutamate, at amino acid 20.

Sequence ID No: 12 is an amino acid sequence of a mature LDV Fc with a lysine residue at Kabat position 414 and an N-terminal targeting sequence. The LDV-Fc has added to it an 18 amino acid C-terminal tailpiece (-tp) from hIgM, and has the leucine residue at Kabat Position 309 altered to a cysteine to enable formation of inter-monomeric disulfide bridges, which allows the LDV-Fc fusion molecule to form polymeric LDV-Fc fusions, for example hexameric LDV-Fc fusions, as described in Mekhaiel et al. (2011), Scientific Reports, 1:124.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION AND ITS PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Components of the LDV-Fc Fusion Molecules

Human immunoglobulin G1 heavy chain is a 466 amino acid protein including a 227 amino acid fragment crystallizable (Fc) region (underlined) that interacts with cell surface receptors known as Fc receptors. The Fc region contains 20 lysine residues, and is designated Sequence ID No: 1. Fragments of the human IgG1 heavy chain useful in the present invention include those with starting points within five amino acids of the Asp 221 residue, for example, a fragment starting at residue Thr 223.

SEQ ID NO: 1: DKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSV FLFPPKPKDT LMISRTPEVT CVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVD GVEVHNAKTK PREEQYNSTY RVVSVLTVLH QDWLNGKEYK CKVSNKALPA PIEKTISKAK GQPREPQVYT LPPSRDELTK NQVSLTCLVK GFYPSDIAVE WESNGQPENN YKTTPPVLDS DGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQG NVFSCSVMHE ALHNHYTQKS LSLSPGK

Human PSGL-1 is 412 amino acid protein (designated Sequence ID No: 2) including a 17 amino acid N-terminal signal peptide (amino acids 1-17), a 24 amino acid N-terminal propeptide (amino acids 18-41) and a 371 amino acid P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 chain (amino acids 42-412).

Sequence ID No: 2: MPLQLLLLLI LLGPGNSLQL WDTWADEAEK ALGPLLARDR R QATEYEYLD YDFLPETEPP  EMLRNSTDTT PLTGPGTPES TTVEPAARRS TGLDAGGAVT ELTTELANMG NLSTDSAAME IQTTQPAATE AQTTQPVPTE AQTTPLAATE AQTTRLTATE AQTTPLAATE AQTTPPAATE AQTTQPTGLE AQTTAPAAME AQTTAPAAME AQTTPPAAME AQTTQTTAME AQTTAPEATE AQTTQPTATE AQTTPLAAME ALSTEPSATE ALSMEPTTKR GLFIPFSVSS VTHKGIPMAA SNLSVNYPVG APDHISVKQC LLAILILALV ATIFFVCTVV LAVRLSRKGH MYPVRNYSPT EMVCISSLLP DGGEGPSATA NGGLSKAKSP GLTPEPREDR EGDDLTLHSF LP

The principal binding site for P and L-selectin is found within a 19 amino acid segment at the amino terminus of the mature form of PSGL from amino acids 42 to 60 of Sequence ID No: 2 (Sequence ID No: 3).

Sequence ID No: 3: QATEYEYLDY DFLPETEPP

Thus, soluble forms of PSGL-1 that include the principal binding site (amino acids 42 to 60 of Sequence ID No: 2, can be fused to a lysine depleted IgG Fc domain, and used in the present invention. One example of a suitable fragment of PSGL-1 includes amino acids 42 through 88 of Sequence ID No: 2, and is designated as Sequence ID NO: 4:

Sequence ID No: 4: QATEYEYLDY DFLPETEPPE MLRNSTDTTP LTGPGTPEST TVEPAAR

Soluble tandem selectin glycoprotein ligands (TSGLs) are described in Shaw, US Patent Publication No. 2013/0136741, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. TSGLs comprise two or more sulfated glycoprotein peptide sequences from PSGL in a tandem configuration on a single polypeptide chain, providing for enhanced selectin binding activity. For example, a TSGL comprising a 19 amino acid PSGL (Sequence ID No: 3) binding domain fused to an 11 amino acid PSGL (9-19 of Sequence ID No: 3) binding domain is designated as Sequence ID No: 5:

Sequence ID No: 5: QATEYEYLDY DFLPETEPPD YDFLPETEPP

Soluble forms of PSGL and TSGLs can be fused or linked to the LDV-Fc peptides of the present invention to form fusion PSGL-LDV-Fc molecules, or TSGL-LDV-Fc molecules, respectively of the present invention.

OS-1 is a synthetic amino acid cyclic peptide which is capable of binding to the N-terminal domain of GPIb-alpha, as described in Benard et al., Biochemistry, 47:4674-82 (2008). For example, the cyclic peptide OS-1, has the amino acid sequence designated as Sequence ID No: 6:

Sequence ID No: 6: CTERMALHNL C

Shaw, US Patent Publication No. 2012/0165258, and PCT Patent Publication WO 2013/096932, extend the work of Benard et al., and describes derivatization of the OS-1 peptide to form other cyclic peptides (CPs). These OS-1-derived cyclic peptides may be used in the present invention, and my further be conjugated with polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form conjugated cyclic peptides (CCPs). The CCPs are disclosed to demonstrate an enhanced activity for blocking specific interactions mediated by GPIb-alpha, compared to the unconjugated cyclic peptides. For example, one OS-1-derived cyclic peptide described in Shaw that may be used is described in Sequence ID No: 7

Sequence ID No: 7: ACTERMALHN LCGG

OS-1, unconjugated versions of the OS-1-derived cyclic peptides disclosed in Shaw and CCPs disclosed in Shaw can be fused or linked to the LDV-Fc peptides of the present invention to form fusion OS-1-LDV-Fc molecules, CP-LDV-Fc molecules, or CCP-LDV-Fc molecules, respectively of the present invention.

Other peptides that can be utilized as the N-terminal peptides in the fusion molecules of the present invention include, but are not limited to, peptides targeted to cancer antigens, soluble receptors, cytokines, such as G-CSF, IL-3 and erythropoietin.

The free N-terminal amine group of an IgG-Fc fusion peptide can be eliminated in the following manner. The N-terminal amino acid may be replaced by glutamine (Q) or glutamic acid (E), and nearly completely converted to N-terminal pyroglutamate using methods in accordance with those described in Dick et al. (2007) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 97:544-553 and Lui et al. (2011), J. Biolog. Chem., 286:11211-11217.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or two lysine residues may be introduced into the DV-Fc peptide at a non-native position, using methods such as those described in Marquette et al., WO 2013/093809. Potential molecules for covalent chemical conjugation at amines of IgG LDV-Fc include but are not limited to small molecule drugs, radionuclides, chemotherapeutics, cytostatic agents, cytotoxic agents, biotin, polyethylene glycol, RNA, siRNA, fluorescent dyes, peptides and DNA aptamers. The full disclosure of WO 2013/093809 is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Recombinant LDV-Fc molecules can be expressed and purified from transformed mammalian host cells such as a Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), HEK293 cells, or COS cells using recombinant DNA techniques and expression vectors as known in the art. Suitable engineered mammalian host cells are also capable of providing posttranslational modifications required to generate functional LDV-Fc molecules. Such capability may arise by virtue of the presence of a suitable glycosylating enzyme within the host cell, whether naturally occurring, induced by chemical mutagenesis, or through transfection of the host cell with a suitable expression plasmid containing a DNA sequence encoding the glycosylating enzyme. For example, host cells can be transfected with expression vectors to enable, via posttranslational modification, the generation of the sialyl Lewis^(x) epitope on the N-linked and O-linked glycans of enhanced PSGL polypeptides. In the case of CHO cells, this requires the co-expression of an α-1,3/1,4 fucosyltranseferase (Kukowska-Latallo et al., Genes Dev. 4:1288-303, 1990) and Core2 β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzymes (Kumar et al., Blood 88:3872-79, 1996). The presence of the sialyl Lewis X epitopes on the N-linked and O-linked glycans of enhanced PSGL and/or immunoglobulin polypeptides may enhance the binding to selectins. In order to optimize processing of the mature N-terminus, these host cells may also be transfected with expression vectors with cDNA encoding a form of PACE, also known as furin, is disclosed in van den Ouweland et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 664 (1990), the full disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Other host cells for production of LDV-Fc molecules include bacterial cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,584 and Jung et al., PNAS 107: 604-609 (2010) insect cells, plant cells and yeast cells (Loos et al., Archives of Biochemistry and biophysics 526:167-173 (2012).)

The principal binding site contains three tyrosines residues [at amino acids 5, 7 and 10 of Sequence ID No: 2] for potential sulfation; and one threonine residue [at amino acid residue 16 of Sequence ID No: 2] for an O-linked glycan bearing a sialyl Lewis x (sLe^(x)) epitope. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, each monomeric sulfated PSGL-1 ligand binding domain contained within the TSGL proteins of the present invention may comprise at least amino acids residues 10 to 16 of Sequence ID No:2 (YDFLPET). In alternative embodiments, the monomeric sulfated PSGL-1 ligand binding domain may comprise one or more additional amino acids from the N-terminal end [e.g., amino acids 1-16; 2-16; 3-16; 4-16; 5-16; 6-16; 7-16; 8-16; or 9-16]; one or more additional amino acids from the C-terminal end [e.g., amino acids 10-17; 10-18; 10-19]; or one or more amino additional amino acids from both the N-terminal and C-terminal ends of Sequence ID No: 2: [e.g. amino acids: 1-17; 2-17; 3-17; 4-17; 5-17; 6-17; 7-17; 8-17; and 9-17; 1-18; 2-18; 3-18; 4-18; 5-18; 6-18; 7-18; 8-18; and 9-18; or 1-19; 2-19; 3-19; 4-19; 5-19; 6-19; 7-19; 8-19; and 9-19]. In certain embodiments, one or more tyrosine residues [of the three native tyrosine residues], may be altered for elimination of potential sulfation sites, provided that at least one tyrosine residue is present on the PSGL-1 ligand binding domain. In certain embodiments, the TSGL proteins of the present invention comprise at least two sulfated PSGL-1 ligand binding domains. In other embodiments, the TSGL proteins of the present invention may comprise at least one additional monomeric sulfated PSGL-1 ligand binding domain, that is, the TSGL protein comprises three or more sulfated PSGL-1 ligand binding domains. TSGL proteins containing multiple sulfated residues increases the amount of negative (anionic) charge on the protein. TSGL proteins containing multiple sulfated residues can be purified from proteins having fewer sulfated residues (hyposulfated TSGL proteins) using methods similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,370. In certain embodiments, the TSGL proteins may be engineered such that one or more tyrosine residues [of the three native residues on each PSGL-1 ligand binding domain] is altered to eliminate potential sulfation sites, provided that at least one tyrosine residue is present on the TSGL protein. In certain embodiments, each PSGL-1 ligand binding domain present in a TSGL is altered to eliminate one or more potential sulfation sites, for example, by substitution of another amino acid for tyrosine, leaving an average of one sulfation site per PSGL-1 ligand binding domain. [For example, in a TSGL comprising two PSGL-1 ligand binding domains, the first PSGL-1 ligand binding domain may retain two tyrosines, while the second PSGL-1 ligand binding domain retains none]. In certain embodiments, the PSGL-1 ligand binding domain or each PSGL-1 ligand binding domain of the TSGL protein can be altered such that one or more potential sulfation sites is eliminated, and a tyrosine residue may be substituted for another amino acid residue to create one or more non-native potential sulfation sites.

In any fusion protein incorporating an LDV-Fc peptide, the amino acid sequence derived from one or more proteins other than the LDV-Fc can be linked to either the C-terminus or N-terminus of the LDV-Fc, or both. Fusion molecules of the present invention may be made by fusing the N-terminal amino acid sequences or C-terminal amino acid sequences derived from one or more other proteins (e.g., a fragment of a protein that exhibits a desired activity), to an LDV-Fc peptide of the present invention. The linkage may be direct (i.e., without an intervening linking sequence not derived from either protein) or through a linking sequence. In certain embodiments of the invention, the fusion LDV-Fc molecules are expressed from a recombinant DNA sequence which encodes both the LDV-Fc peptide and the N-terminal or C-terminal amino acid sequences, joined either directly or via a DNA sequence encoding a linker sequence.

As used herein, the terms “fused” or “fusion” when referring to DNA molecules or peptides, means that two or more DNA molecules or peptides are either directly connected to each other, or connected through a linker sequence. Two or more DNA molecules can be connected, or ligated, to each other using known ligation techniques. Two or more peptides can be connected using known techniques for chemically joining amino acids. Alternatively, a fusion protein can be made recombinantly, using a DNA construct in which two or more DNA molecules have been fused together. The terms “fused” and “linked” can be used interchangeably to indicate that two or more DNA molecules or peptides are connected as described. Where two or more peptides are connected through a linker sequence, suitable peptide linker sequences are known in the art and include glycine-serine polymers (including, for example,

(GS)n, (GSGGS)n, (SEQ ID NO: 13) (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 14) and (GGGS)n, (SEQ ID NO: 15) where n is an integer of at least one, e.g., one, two, three, or four), glycine-alanine polymers, alanine-serine polymers, and other flexible linkers. Other examples include peptide linkers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,627, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. For DNA molecules, suitable linker sequences would include nucleic acid sequences that encode the above peptide linker sequences. Compositions and Formulations:

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more surfactants. Exemplary surfactants include, but are not limited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum® (magnesium aluminum silicate), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20)polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween® 60), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80), sorbitan monopalmitate (Span™ 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span™ 60), sorbitan tristearate (Span™ 65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate (Span™ 80, polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate Myrj® 45, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. Cremophor®, polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether Brij® 30), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic® F68 (polyoxyalkylene ether), Poloxamer™ 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the surfactant is a Tween® (e.g., Tween® 60, Tween® 80, etc.).

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more preservatives. Exemplary preservatives may include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises an antioxidant. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, phosphites, dibutyl phosphite, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, cysteine hydrochloride, thioglycerol, sodium mercaptoacetate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS), lecithin, and alpha-tocopherol. In certain embodiments, the antioxidant is dibutyl phosphite or sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃).

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises a chelating agent. Exemplary chelating agents include, but are not limited to, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and trisodium edetate.

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises an antimicrobial preservative. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises an antifungal preservative. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises an alcohol preservative. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.

In certain embodiments, the one or more preservative comprises an acidic preservative. Exemplary acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.

Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus®, Phenonip®, methylparaben, Germall ® 115, Germaben® II, Neolone®, Kathon®, and Euxyl®.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more diluents. Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more granulating and/or dispersing agents. Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum®), sodium laulyl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more binding agents. Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.); natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes; water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more buffering agents. Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more lubricating agents. Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more solubilizing or suspending agents. Exemplary solubilizing or suspending agents include, but are not limited to, water, organic solvents, oils, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the oil is mineral oil.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, the excipient is approved for use in humans and for veterinary use. In some embodiments, the excipient is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, the excipient is pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, the excipient meets the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the British Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.

The formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient (i.e., a glycosylated deltorphin variant) into association with a carrier and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.

The relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient.

Preferred dosage forms include oral and parenteral dosage forms. Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients, the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, the conjugates of the invention are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and combinations thereof.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the conjugates of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.

Compositions for oral administration are typically liquid or in solid dosage forms. Compositions for oral administration may include protease inhibitors, including organic acids such as citric acid, in order to inhibit pancreatic and brush border proteases. Compositions for oral administration may additionally include absorption enhancers, such as acylcarnitine and lauroylcarnitine, to facilitate the uptake of the peptide through the lumen of the intestine into the systemic circulation by a paracellular transport mechanism. Compositions for oral administration may additionally include detergents to improve the solubility of the peptides and excipients and to decrease interactions with intestinal mucus. Solid form compositions for oral administration, such as tablets or capsules, may typically comprise an enteric coating which further protects the peptides from stomach proteases and permits passage of the tablet or capsule into the small intestine. The solid form composition may additionally comprise a subcoat such as a non-ionic polymer. Examples of preparation of such orally available formulations are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,912,014, 6,086,918 and 6,673,574. The disclosure of each of these documents is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

The active ingredients can be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active ingredient may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers. Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant may be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.

Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition. The propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.

The formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.

Formulations suitable for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may, for example, comprise 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21^(st) ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

The skilled clinician will be able to determine the appropriate dosage amount and number of doses of an agent to be administered to subject, dependent upon both the age and weight of the subject, the underlying condition, and the response of an individual patient to the treatment. In addition, the clinician will be able to determine the appropriate timing for delivery of the agent in a manner effective to treat the subject.

Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation.

Still further encompassed by the invention are kits that comprise one or more inventive complexes and/or compositions. Kits are typically provided in a suitable container (e.g., for example, a glass, foil, plastic, or cardboard package). In certain embodiments, an inventive kit may include one or more pharmaceutical excipients, pharmaceutical additives, therapeutically active agents, and the like, as described herein. In certain embodiments, an inventive kit may include means for proper administration, such as, for example, graduated cups, syringes, needles, cleaning aids, and the like. In certain embodiments, an inventive kit may include instructions for proper administration and/or preparation for proper administration.

Practice of the invention is illustrated in the following, non-limiting examples. The skilled artisan will recognize that many modifications, variations and extensions are possible while remaining within the teachings of the present specification and embodied within the claims.

EXAMPLE 1

LDV-Fc-0 protein. A cDNA is constructed encoding a signal peptide, followed by sequences encoding an N-terminal threonine Thr223 residue (Kabat) and an LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 devoid of all lysine residues. The amino acid sequence of the LVD-Fc-O protein is designated as Sequence ID No: 8.

Sequence ID No: 8 MEWSWVFLFF LSVTTGVHST HTCPPCPAPE ALGAPSVFLF PP R P R DTLMI SRTPEVTCVV VDVSHEDPEV  Q FNWYVDGVE VHNA Q T Q PRE EQYNSTYRVV SVLTVLHQDW LNG R EY R C R V SN R ALPAPIE  R TIS R A R GQP REPQVYTLPP SRDELT Q NQV SLTCLV R GFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNY R T TPPVLDSDGS FFLYS R LTVD  R SRWQQGNVF SCSVMHEALH NHYTQ R SLSL SPG R

TSGL [PSGL1-19:PSGL6-19]-LDV-Fc. A cDNA is constructed encoding the signal peptide, tandem soluble PSGL-1 binding domains and an LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 at His224 (Kabat). The amino acid sequence encoding TSGL-LDV-Fc fusion molecule is designated as Sequence ID No: 9. The mature amino acid sequence of the encoded fusion protein begins at amino acid 42 of Sequence ID No: 9. The mutations in the Fc portion include a change of Leu 234 and Gly237 of the native Fc sequence to Ala, and changes of Lys338 to Arg, and may optionally include changes of one or more Lys at 246, 248, 274, 288, 290, 317, 320, 322, 326, 334, 340, 360, 370, 392, 409, 414, 439 and 447 to amino acids other than Lys, especially Arg (R) and Glu (Q).

Sequence ID No: 9 MPLQLLLLLI LLGPGNSLQL WDTWADEAEK ALGPLLARDR RQATEYEYLD YDFLPETEPP EYLDYDFLPE TEPPDKTHTC PPCPAPEALG APSVFLFPP K  P K DTLMISRT PEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEV K FN WYVDGVEVHN A K T K PREEQY NSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNG  K EY K C K VSN K  ALPAPIE K TI S K A K GQPREP QVYTLPPSRD ELT K NQVSLT CLV K GFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNY K TTPP VLDSDGSFFL YS K LTVD K SR WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHY TQ K SLSLSPG  K

EXAMPLE 2

OS1-LDV-Fc Fusion proteins. A fusion molecule with a novel amino acid sequence can be constructed in accordance with the following procedure:

OS1-LDV-Fc: A cDNA is constructed encoding the signal peptide, a PACE cleavage site and an eleven amino acid OS-1 sequence fused to a mutated LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 at His224 (Kabat et al.) of the native Fc sequence. O-linked glycans bearing the sialyl Lewis x (sLe^(x)) epitope occur at the Thr16 and Thr30 residues of the mature protein.

The amino acid sequence encoding OS1-LDV-Fc fusion molecule is designated as Sequence ID No: 10. The mutations in the Fc portion include a change of Leu 234 and Gly237 of the native Fc sequence to Ala, and changes of the following lysine residues: 246R, 248R, 274Q, 288Q, 290Q, 317R, 320R, 322R, 326R, 334R, 338R, 340R, 360Q, 370R, 392R, 409R, 439R and 447R. The lysine at residue 414 is maintained.

Sequence ID No: 10 CTERMALHNL CGGGDKTHTC PPCPAPEALG APSVFLFPP R P R DTLMISRT PEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEV Q FN WYVDGVEVHN A Q T Q PREEQY NSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNG  R EY R C R VSN R ALPAPIE R TI S R A R GQPREP QVYTLPPSRD ELT Q NQVSLT CLV R GFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNY R TTPP VLDSDGSFFL YS R LTVD K SR WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHY TQ R SLSLSPG  R

EXAMPLE 3

CCP-[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc Fusion proteins. A fusion protein with a novel amino acid sequence can be constructed in accordance with the following procedure:

A cDNA is constructed encoding the 19 amino acid signal peptide, a PACE cleavage site, a 12 amino acid CCP and a 19 amino acid sulfated PSGL binding sequence fused to a mutated LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 at His224 (Kabat et al.) of the native Fc sequence. O-linked glycans bearing the sialyl Lewis x (sLe^(x)) epitope occur at the Thr16 and Thr30 residues of the mature protein.

The amino acid sequence encoding CCP-[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc fusion molecule is designated as Sequence ID No: 11. The mature amino acid sequence of the encoded fusion protein begins with a glutamine (Q) which can be converted into an N-terminal pyroglutamate, at amino acid 20 of Sequence ID No: 11. The mutations in the Fc portion include a change of Leu 234 and Gly237 of the native Fc sequence to Ala, and changes of the following lysine residues: 246R, 248R, 274Q, 288Q, 290Q, 317R, 320R, 322R, 326R, 334R, 338R, 340R, 360Q, 370R, 392R, 409R, 439R and 447R. The lysine at residue 414 is maintained.

Sequence ID No: 11 MEWSWVFLFF LSVTTGVHSQ ACTERMALHN LCGGGQATEY EYLDYDFLPE TEPPEGGGGA GGGGDKTHTC PPCPAPEALG APSVFLFPP R  P R DTLMISRT PEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEV Q FN WYVDGVEVHN A Q T Q PREEQY NSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNG R EY R C R VSN R  ALPAPIE R TI S R A R GQPREP QVYTLPPSRD ELT Q NQVSLT CLV R GFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNY R TTPP VLDSDGSFFL YS R LTVD K SR WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHY TQ R SLSLSPG  R

[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc-[huIgM C Terminal Tailpiece] Fusion proteins. A mature fusion protein with a novel amino acid sequence can be constructed in accordance with the following procedure:

A cDNA is constructed encoding the 19 amino acid sulfated PSGL binding sequence fused to a mutated LDV-Fc region of human IgG1 at His224 (Kabat et al.) of the native Fc sequence. For example, the 19 amino acid PSGL binding domain can be fused to a 227 amino acid IgG1 fragment engineered to eliminate all native lysine residues with the exception of a single lysine residue at Kabat position 414 (bold and underlined). The [PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc fusion variant is fused to an 18 amino acid C-terminal tailpiece (-tp) from hIgM, and has the leucine residue at Kabat Position 309 altered to a cysteine to enable formation of inter-monomeric disulfide bridges, which allows the LDV-Fc fusion molecule to form polymeric LDV-Fc fusions, for example hexameric LDV-Fc fusions, as described in Mekhaiel et al. (2011), Scientific Reports, 1:124. The LDV-Fc fusion L309C variant, fused to the 18 amino acid C-terminal tailpiece from IgM to form the PSGL-LDV-Fc molecule below, designated as Sequence ID No. 12:

Sequence ID No: 12 QATEYEYLDY DFLPETEPP E RTHTCPPCPA PEALGAPSVF LFPPRPRDTL MISRTPEVTC VVVDVSHEDP EVQFNWYVDG VEVHNAQTQP REEQYNSTYR VVSVLTV C LQ DWLNGREYRC RVSNRALPAP IERTISRARG QPREPQVYTL PPSRDELTQN QVSLTCLVRG FYPSDIAVEW ESNGQPENNY RTTPPVLDSD GSFFLYSRLT VD K SRWQQGN VFSCSVMHEA LHNHYTQRSL SLSPGRPTLY NVSLVMSDTA GTCY

EXAMPLE 4 Purification and Testing of Fusion Proteins of LDV-Fc Molecules

Because the LDV-Fc domains retain the ability to bind to Protein A and Protein G, the fusion proteins can be purified using standard Protein A and Protein G purification schemes provided by the manufacturers. For example, see “Purification of IgG Using Protein A- or Protein-G Agarose” (KPL), downloaded from http://www.kpl.com/docs/techdocs/PURIFIGG.PDF. See also, Page and Thorpe, “Purification of IgG Using Protein A or Protein G” from The Protein Protocols Handbook, (J. Walker, Ed.) (Humana Press, 2002).

EXAMPLE 5 Activity of OS1/CCP/PSGL/TSGL Fusions

To confirm activity of CCP-[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc molecules, purified CCP-[PSGL1-19]-LDV-Fc molecules are immobilized on an Octet biosensor (Pall Fortebio Corp, Menlo Park, Calif.) and mixed with recombinant human CD42b/GPIb (R&D Systems Cat 4067-GP). Octet assay is then performed. For platelet function assays see Benard et al., Biochemistry, 47:4674-82 (2008).

Fusion proteins of the present invention comprising OS1, OS1-derived cyclic peptides (CP) and conjugated cyclic peptides (CPP), and one or more soluble PSGL-1 ligand binding domains (e.g., tandem soluble PSGL-1 ligand binding domains, or TSGL) can be tested in similar fashion. Additional testing of activity of the fusion proteins can be conducted in accordance with the methods disclosed in Shaw et al., WO 2011/162831, WO 2013/096932 and WO2013/082200.

EXAMPLE 6 Pharmacokinetics of Fusion Proteins LDV-Fc Molecules

Mice were injected intravenously in tail vein with either 5 mg/kg recombinant humanLDV-zeroK-IgG1 Fc (Group 1) or recombinant wild type human IgG1 Fc (Group 2), and pharmacokinetic profiles were compared over a 96 hours period, and are illustrated in FIG. 5. The X axis is time in hours. The Y axis is measurement of protein concentration over time; Y axis values were determined by a serum ELISA assay. This experiment demonstrates that the pharmacokinetic properties of the lysine-depleted IgG1 variants of the present invention (A) remained essentially unchanged from those of wild-type IgG1 (B). This is surprising and unexpected in light of the teaching in the scientific literature that at least one lysine at residue 338, is critical for binding of IgG1 to Protein A.

All patents, patent applications and scientific literature references cited in the disclosure are hereby incorporated herein for the cited teachings, as if fully set forth. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A lysine-depleted variant of an immunoglobulin G Fc (LDV-Fc) domain, which is capable of binding to Protein A, wherein said LDV-Fc has each native lysine residue replaced by a different amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acids that excludes cysteine, methionine, proline and lysine, and wherein said LDV-Fc has a single lysine residue at Kabat position
 416. 2. The LDV-Fc of claim 1, wherein the N-terminal residue is a pyroglutamate.
 3. A fusion molecule comprising a targeting peptide fused to the LDV-Fc of claim 1, wherein the targeting peptide is fused to the LDV-Fc at a site selected from the group consisting of (a) the N-terminus of the LDV-Fc of claim 1; (b) the C-terminus of the LDV-Fc of claim 1; or (c) both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the LDV-Fc of claim
 1. 4. A fusion molecule according to claim 3, wherein the targeting peptide is fused at the N-terminus of the LDV-Fc.
 5. The fusion molecule of claim 4, wherein said targeting peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (a) P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 or a binding fragment thereof; (b) a tandem P-selectin glycoprotein ligand; and (c) an OS-1-derived cyclic peptide.
 6. A fusion molecule according to claim 3, wherein the targeting peptide is fused at the C-terminus of the LDV-Fc.
 7. The fusion molecule of claim 6, wherein the targeting peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (a) P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 or a binding fragment thereof; (b) a tandem P-selectin glycoprotein ligand; and (c) an OS-1-derived cyclic peptide. 